I used RYSE Godzilla pre-workout for two weeks, and here’s my honest review. 

RYSE Godzilla doesn’t meet third-party quality control standards. And because of that, I don’t recommend it. 

For those who don’t care about third-party testing and know what they’re getting into, RYSE Godzilla is a one strong pre-workout. 

Through my experience using it, you’ll learn the ins and outs of RYSE Godzilla. You’ll also discover why some of the ingredients are more about the show and less about the go — and how I literally got the shits the first time I had two scoops.

RYSE Godzilla Alternatives

Except for the missing third-party testing and GMP certification, it’s hard to fault RYSE Godzilla when you choose the one-scoop option, especially if you’re new to pre-workouts or sensitive to caffeine. 

But I won’t recommend any pre-workouts if the purity and potency aren’t verified by a third party. These two alternatives are way safer options.

Outwork Nutrition Pre-Workout

Outwork Nutrition’s pre-workout is a good option when you want something strong and the peace of mind that you can trust the quality. It’s third-party tested, GMP certified, and has 5,000 mg of L-citrulline and 300 mg of caffeine to help you power through your training.

Learn more by reading my full review of Outwork Nutrition.

Transparent Labs BULK

Unless you want to max out on all the ingredients (rarely necessary), Transparent Labs BULK is my go-to recommendation. It’s third-party tested, GMP certified, and at $1.66 per serving ($1.49 if you subscribe), it’s very reasonably priced. 

It also hits the minimum effective dose of all the key ingredients. If you’re a caffeine fiend, just keep in mind that Transparent Labs BULK has 200 mg of caffeine compared to the 350 mg in RYSE Godzilla. 

Read more about Transparent Labs BULK in my review.

And if you want information about other pre-workouts on the market, check out my previous pre-workout reviews. 

RYSE Godzilla’s label lists both one- and two-scoop serving sizes. I tested RYSE Godzilla with two scoops because I have used pre-workouts for years and know my tolerance and limits. 

I recommend starting with one scoop for anyone with low caffeine tolerance or no experience with pre-workout.

Also, I need to bring this text up from the RYSE website because it highlights the misleading bullshit the supplement industry is known for:

The blurb states that with each serving, you get 11 g of total citrulline, 400 mg of caffeine, and 3.2 g of beta-alanine. However, those citrulline and caffeine numbers refer to a two-scoop serving, whereas the beta-alanine amount refers to one scoop. 

So when you take two scoops of RYSE Godzilla, you get 6.4 g of beta-alanine, not 3.2.

If you hate the tingles that come with beta-alanine, you’re going to be pissed off once you realize you’ve just had double the dose you thought you were getting.

That text on the RYSE website might just be an honest mistake. I hope it is. But come on, RYSE, the supplement industry already has a reputation for being impregnated with bullshit. You’re not helping.

With that out of the way, let’s see where RYSE Godzilla pre-workout hits its mark.

Best For:

RYSE Godzilla is a decent choice unless you’re new to pre-workout. That beta-alanine is going to give novice users some serious tingles. 

The upsides come down to whether you’ll take one or two scoops of RYSE Godzilla. The one-scoop option is fine for most folks. The two-scoop option has some significant downsides, which I’ll highlight below.

With a one-scoop serving, you’ll get 200 mg of caffeine to boost energy and focus and 5.5 g of citrulline (as 4.5 g of L-citrulline and 1 g of citrulline nitrate), which might help with the pump. 

Although I like to see a minimum of 6,000 mg of L-citrulline in a scoop of pre-workout, that’s damn close. 

The most significant upside with a two-scoop serving is the motherf*cker of an energy punch to supercharge your training.

My friend also tested RYSE Godzilla, and it apparently turned him into the Hulk. Here’s our text exchange about it:

So yeah, this shit works.

With 400 mg of caffeine, I was ready to go when this thing kicked into gear.

The second upside with two scoops of RYSE Godzilla is the pump.

It has 9,000 mg of L-citrulline and 2,000 mg of citrulline nitrate per two scoops. One could argue that’s overkill, but the pump I got was second to none.

Let’s face it: The effects most guys want from a pre-workout are the energy and the pump. And with two scoops, RYSE Godzilla more than delivers on both fronts. It gave me amazing focus and pump, and I dominated my training.

But I’ve got three heavy reasons why RYSE Godzilla might not be for you.

Not For:

People who want 100% safe and pure ingredients through third-party testing and GMP-certified manufacturing. 

The other downsides of RYSE Godzilla all relate to the two-scoop serving and come down to personal preference. Well, the last downside is likely to be universal if it happens.

First, the caffeine in two scoops is not for the faint-hearted.

You’re looking at 400 mg of caffeine when taking this bad boy. Whether that’s an upside or a downside depends on your caffeine tolerance. Just keep in mind that the recommended maximum daily dose of caffeine is about 400 mg. That’s four cups of coffee. 

If you take two scoops of RYSE Godzilla, lower the amount of coffee (or energy drinks) you drink throughout the rest of the day. Or don’t. Whatever. It’s your life. Do it your way.

Keep in mind that one scoop gives you 200 mg of caffeine (two cups of coffee), and unless you need to hulk out every time you train (you don’t), that’s plenty.

Second, if you plan on taking two RYSE Godzilla scoops each time you train, I hope you have a thick wallet.

At $2.84 per serving, I half expect to uncover a diamond each time I sink that scoop into the jar for the second time. For me, $1.50 per serving of pre-workout is still okay. Anything beyond that, and I am starting to question the choices I’ve made in life. Especially if the product hasn’t gone through third-party testing.

Just a reminder, one scoop is plenty for most guys, and that sits at $1.42. It’s a good deal, as the median price for pre-workouts is $1.51 per scoop.

The last, and by far the biggest, downside of RYSE Godzilla is that it gave me the shits. Literally.

It only happened on the first day I took two scoops, and I had zero issues on any other day. But still, the shit circus I lived through that first day meant that I approached RYSE Godzilla with a certain level of reservation each time after that.

I have no idea why it messed up my insides. Or whether it was the supplement or something else going on the same day. But since I want to be painfully transparent with these reviews, there you go. 

RYSE Godzilla Ingredients

When it comes to the ingredients you want to see in a pre-workout, RYSE Godzilla does okay. 

RYSE Pump Fuel 

5,500 mg for 1 scoop

11,000 mg for 2 scoops

Gotta love these names pre-workout companies give for their ingredient mixes. Here’s what’s actually in that “Pump Fuel”: L-citrulline (4,500 mg/9,000 mg) and citrulline nitrate as N03-T (1,000 mg/2,000 mg). 

Let’s tackle them in order. 

L-Citrulline 

L-citrulline is a nonessential amino acid that is said to improve blood flow to increase exercise performance and recovery.^[1] L-citrulline is in pre-workouts to improve the muscle pump you get when lifting. 

But the evidence on that isn’t strong enough to say that it’ll work for everyone.

In one scoop, RYSE Godzilla is 500 mg short of the L-citrulline levels I like to see in a pre-workout. But at 5,500 mg, it meets the minimum effective dose and is close enough.

Citrulline Nitrate (as N03-T)

This addition is intriguing. Citrulline nitrate combines citrulline with nitrate. Citrulline shunts more blood where needed, and nitrate improves endurance.^[2][3] 

Nitrate is a compound in various foods, such as leafy greens and beets. It has little to zero effect on quick power output but can help with fatigue in exercises above one minute and up to 10 minutes.^[4] Think HIIT or a shift in ice hockey.

Does a citrulline nitrate mix serve any purpose in your pre-workout? 

Nope. Unless you frequently take your sets beyond the one-minute mark or plan to do HIIT. And let’s be honest, you don’t. And neither do I.

Beta-Alanine 

3,200 mg/6,400 mg

If you’ve ever taken a pre-workout supplement, you’re likely familiar with the “tingles.” That’s beta-alanine talking.

Sure, beta-alanine can aid endurance, but the real benefits of beta-alanine require consistent, daily dosing to hit that saturation point. And as with nitrate above, beta-alanine gives you benefits only if your effort goes beyond the one-minute mark.

Although beta-alanine doesn’t have the science behind it in a pre-workout context, I like the placebo effect that comes with the tingles. Even though I know the tingles don’t reflect anything about the effects of the supplement, it tricks my mind into thinking it does.

Betaine Anhydrous

2,500 mg/5,000 mg

Betaine anhydrous is a natural compound in the body and in foods like beets, spinach, cereals, and seafood. It’s in pre-workouts for the muscle pump and potentially for performance improvements. But both benefits are inconclusive at best.

Some evidence supports the effects of betaine anhydrous on muscle endurance and power, but the results are inconsistent across all studies.^[5] And it doesn’t seem to improve resistance exercise at low volumes (one to three sets).

Again, the reason betaine is in your pre-workout is to get a better “pump” in the gym. But it’s also pointless because L-citrulline does a way better job at this.

And if you’re taking betaine to help your high-volume training, you’re wasting your money. For that purpose, take creatine instead.^[6][7][8]

Speaking of which…

Creatine Monohydrate

2,500 mg/5,000 mg

There’s no other supplement that’s as well studied as creatine. It’s a tried-and-tested true muscle builder and performance booster.^[9] 

But having creatine in a pre-workout makes zero sense to me. And I’ll die on that hill if I have to.

To get the benefits of creatine, you must take around 5,000 mg daily. Most people train three to five days a week and therefore only take pre-workout three to five days a week. This means they won’t benefit from creatine unless they supplement on those off days. 

I know what you’re asking next. Hey Alex, what’s the harm of having creatine in the pre-workout if I supplement additional creatine on off days?

First, it likely drives the cost up. And two, if you’re taking one scoop of RYSE Godzilla, you don’t even get the recommended daily dose of 5,000 mg of creatine. So you’d have to supplement creatine separately on training and off days. 

Okay, rant over.

Cognizin (Citicoline) 

250 mg/500 mg

Citicoline is present in every cell in your body and is super important for brain health. RYSE Godzilla has Cognizin in it because it might sharpen your mental game. But slow down, you’re not going to turn into Einstein after a scoop.

The studies back up citicoline supplementation for the elderly, stroke patients, and people with brain disorders. Plus, a study shows it improves motor speed and attention in adolescent males.^[10][11]

Does citicoline do anything to improve your strength training? 

I am not convinced citicoline improves training until I see actual studies on it. In the meantime, just lean on caffeine to keep you sharp for training.

Pink Himalayan Sea Salt 

250 mg/500 mg

A trendy ingredient if I’ve ever seen one. It’s taunted as a miracle for hydration and electrolyte balance, but let’s pull the brakes here. Pink Himalayan salt doesn’t provide anything you wouldn’t get from regular table salt.^[12] 

When you sweat a lot, a drop in sodium levels can disrupt the balance of electrolytes, leading to decreased nerve conduction efficiency and muscle contraction strength. 

Having any type of salt in your pre-workout can help with that balance. 

So, I like having sodium in the pre-workout. But I couldn’t care less about whether it’s pink Himalayan sea salt or old-school table salt.

Caffeine Anhydrous

175 mg/350 mg

Out of all the ingredients folks put in their pre-workouts, caffeine does almost all the heavy lifting. It’s a potent central nervous system stimulant and increases alertness, concentration, attention, and cognitive performance.^[13]

The upper limit of the daily recommendation is 400 mg of caffeine or four cups of brewed coffee. 

If you’re taking two scoops of RYSE Godzilla, you’re in for one hell of a ride because two scoops is 350 mg of caffeine — out of your 400 mg daily recommended dose.

Hydrolyzed Casein Tripeptides (VasoDrive-AP)

150 mg/300 mg

There’s some science on hydrolyzed casein tripeptides being better than whey protein for recovery and building protein and strength.^[14] But the amount included in RYSE Godzilla is minuscule compared to what you’d need to get these benefits.

There’s also science on hydrolyzed casein tripeptides being good for blood pressure. But those studies were done with folks dealing with high cardiovascular disease markers.^[15] 

VasoDrive-AP sounds scientific, but I call bullshit for its use in a pre-workout.

Theobromine 

100 mg/200 mg

A milder cousin of caffeine. Theobromine is a mild stimulant and diuretic found in cocoa beans, chocolate, tea leaves, and kola nuts.

Because it’s less potent as a central nervous system stimulant than caffeine, it’s said to provide a milder, longer-lasting energy boost without the typical crash of high caffeine intake.^[16] 

Whether it actually works is a different story. 

zümXR Extended Release Caffeine 

25 mg/50 mg

This is a branded mix of caffeine anhydrous, zümXR delayed-release caffeine, and zümXR extended-release caffeine.

There are no direct studies on zümXR, so I can’t comment on this in any other way except that there’s caffeine in it, and caffeine works. 

But also, look at that dosage — it’s low. I’d say swap this for just a bit of extra caffeine or leave it out altogether.

I guess each pre-workout brand needs something different for marketing purposes. 

For more of what I have to say about ingredients, check out what I look for in a pre-workout supplement. 

My Experience Using RYSE Godzilla Pre-workout

As with all the supplements I review, I ordered and paid for RYSE Godzilla from my pocket (without them knowing I would review it publicly) and used it for two weeks. 

RYSE Godzilla delivered on the two fronts I care about with pre-workouts: energy and pump.

Both energy and muscle pump were incredible. Remember that I used two scoops at a time, which meant I got 400 mg of caffeine in one hit. Yet, I had zero caffeine crashes afterward. I did have a different kind of crash, though….

The first time I took RYSE Godzilla, I spent the rest of the day within 12 steps of my bathroom.

I am not sure whether it was RYSE Godzilla that put my stomach into knots or something else. But I felt like shit. That being said, I had zero stomach issues at any other time when using RYSE Godzilla. So, maybe it was the pre-workout, maybe not. 

Price

Taking RYSE Godzilla one scoop at a time means you’re looking at $1.42 per serving. That’s about 10 cents cheaper than the average for the pre-workouts I’ve tested. 

But at $2.84 per two-scoop serving, RYSE Godzilla is criminally expensive. Especially considering that there’s no way to be certain of its purity and potency. 

Unlike some pre-workout supplements, such as GHOST Legend, RYSE doesn’t offer a subscription. You’re stuck with that price regardless of how loyal a customer you might be.

Third-Party Tested and GMP Certified

RYSE Godzilla has not been third-party tested and doesn’t have a GMP certificate to verify its potency and purity.

Read more about why these two certificates are a deal-breaker when deciding on a pre-workout.

Energy

The energy boost from two scoops and one scoop of RYSE Godzilla Pre-Workout is impressive. And it did make a difference in how hard I could train.

I was sure I’d have a caffeine crash afterward, but nope. The surge tapered off nicely instead of pushing me off an energy cliff like some other pre-workouts do.

Pump

As with energy, the pump with two scoops of RYSE Godzilla is terrific. But as great as the pump was, 11,000 mg of pump fuel is overkill. Still, since I like getting at least 6,000 mg per serving, the two scoops served me better than a single one. 

Thinking about it now, I could’ve probably gotten the same pump with one and a half scoops. 

Taste

RYSE Godzilla comes in a bunch of flavors:

• Blue Raspberry
• Passion Pineapple
• Godzilla Monsterberry Lime (As a side note: Can we all just stop for a second to appreciate the Ryse marketing department for coming up with this name?)
• Blackberry Lemonade
• Strawberry Kiwi

I tried Strawberry Kiwi, but it just wasn’t my bag. It wasn’t the worst thing I’ve ever had in my mouth, but that’s a story for another time…

Mixability

Regarding mixability, RYSE Godzilla pre-workout hits the mark perfectly, scoring a 10 out of 10 on my test.

The powder dissolves quickly and easily in water, needing just a few shakes. It’s free from the clumps and gritty texture I sometimes see with other pre-workout powders. With RYSE Godzilla, you get a smooth pre-workout you don’t have to chew through.

Customer Experience

The customer experience with RYSE Godzilla pre-workout was hassle-free. The website is easy to navigate, and placing and paying the order was a breeze.

The shipping is reasonably priced at $7, but it’s free for orders over $150. The delivery took four days.

One thing I liked was the post-order communication. Instead of getting bombarded with marketing emails, I only got emails about the order status and shipping information. I can’t believe that’s an upside worth commenting about, but hey, it’s the world we live in.

How I Tested RYSE Godzilla 

I test each supplement across eight categories, pouring over studies and combining them with personal feedback.

When I conduct tests and write my pre-workout reviews, my commitment is to the truth, even if it ruffles a few feathers. There are no hidden agendas, no fluff — just rigorous research.

1. Ingredients

I care mostly about two ingredients in pre-workout supplements: caffeine and L-citrulline. Then there are two that might be worth your dollars: beta-alanine and electrolytes. But those two are far from mandatory.

Once I know a pre-workout has the two ingredients I care about, I check that the dosage of both ingredients is where it should be to provide the stimulation I need. 

Besides those two, most other ingredients serve a different purpose: marketing. The fewer ingredients I see on the label, the better. 

You can read more about the ingredients I look for on my how I test ingredients page. 

2. Price per serving

I care whether a single serving will give me enough of the two ingredients above for the needed stimulus. Ultimately, I want the best bang for the buck per serving. 

Often, the key ingredients are about the same in most pre-workout supplements. It’s the proprietary blends and trademarked ingredients that raise the price. Both of which rarely contribute to the quality or effectiveness of the supplement. 

Another reason why fewer ingredients are better is that it keeps the cost down.

You can read more about how price factors into my scoring system here.

3. Third-party testing and Good Manufacturing Practice certification

When a supplement company wants third-party testing and certification, it pays an outside organization to test for ingredient potency and accuracy.

Getting certified means an independent organization has reviewed the product and determined it complies with safety, quality, and performance standards.

The absence of third-party testing doesn’t immediately mean a poor product. But knowing the dishonest bullshitting going on in the supplement industry, third-party testing gives me peace of mind knowing a product is safe and has — and does — what it says on the box. 

GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) certification means the manufacturing facilities comply with the rigorous quality standards of regulatory authorities. It covers the entire manufacturing process, including sourcing of raw materials, production processes, packaging, and labeling. 

These guidelines provide minimum requirements that a manufacturer must meet to ensure its products are consistently high in quality.

In short, third-party testing is about the product, and GMP compliance covers the manufacturing.

Read more about third-party testing and GMP compliance here.

4. Energy

Out of all the effects I look for in a pre-workout, this is the one I care about the most. I want to feel psyched and focused for my strength training. And I want to finish without getting the dreaded post-workout caffeine crash.

You can read more about how the energy factors into my scoring system here.

5. Pump

The second most important thing I need from a pre-workout is the pump. The product must have enough L-citrulline (4,000 mg) to increase the blood flow into the muscles I’m working. In most cases, anything less than 6,000 mg, and I’d rather spend my money elsewhere.

Read more about what I look for when scoring the pump.

6. Taste

Making a decent-tasting pre-workout shouldn’t be that difficult. Yes, a pre-workout with high-quality ingredients in high doses often tastes worse because it’s hard to mask the flavor of the ingredients, but anything less than 8/10 is only acceptable if the product is otherwise exceptional. 

Then again, taste is subjective, so don’t get too hung up on this.

You can read more about how taste factors into my scoring system here.

7. Mixability

I need a pre-workout that’s easy to mix in a shaker. That means no powder clumps! I expect something smooth and grit-free that doesn’t get stuck on the side of the shaker. Most pre-workouts add silicon dioxide and calcium silicate as anti-caking agents, so look for that if you’re as annoyed by clumps as I am.

Read more about how mixability factors into my scoring system.

8. Customer experience

In this testing stage, I find and navigate the website, complete the ordering process, and accept delivery, evaluating each company every step of the way. I also review customer service in cases where I have problems with the order. I have high expectations for customer service and will harshly judge brands with missing links in their customer experience.

You can learn more about how customer service factors into my scoring system here.

Conclusion

RYSE Godzilla pre-workout packs a punch if you’re not seeking an overwhelming caffeine buzz. While two scoops give you a powerful jolt and pump second to none, the price hike makes RYSE Godzilla hard to recommend for day-to-day use.

Yes, my first encounter with two scoops of RYSE Godzilla was a bit runny, but it was just a one-off. And I am not 100% sure it’s RYSE Godzilla that caused the upheaval in my gut.

But you have to take RYSE’s word on quality and potency. And that just isn’t good enough for me. 

Frequently Asked Questions

References

1. Gonzalez, A. M., & Trexler, E. T. (2020). Effects of citrulline supplementation on exercise performance in humans: A review of the current literature. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(5), 1480–1495. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003426

2. Bailey, S. J., Winyard, P., Vanhatalo A., Blackwell, J. R., DiMenna, F. J., Wilkerson, D. P., Tarr, J., Benjamin, N., & Jones, A. M. (2009). Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of low-intensity exercise and enhances tolerance to high-intensity exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 107(4), 1144–1155. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00722.2009

3. Bailey, S. J., Fulford, J., Vanhatalo, A., Winyard, P. G., Blackwell, J. R., DiMenna, F. J., Wilkerson, D. P. Benjamin, N., & Jones, A. M. (2010). Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile efficiency during knee-extensor exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 109(1), 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00046.2010

4. Examine. (2022). Nitrate. https://examine.com/supplements/nitrate/

5. ​Ismaeel A. (2017). Effects of betaine supplementation on muscle strength and power: A systematic review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(8), 2338–2346. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001959

6. Jaramillo, A. P., Jaramillo, L., Castells, J., Beltran, A., Garzon Mora, N., Torres, S., Barberan Parraga, G. C., Vallejo, M. P., & Santos, Y. (2023). Effectiveness of creatine in metabolic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus, 15(9), e45282. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.45282

7. Burke, R., Piñero, A., Coleman, M., Mohan, A., Sapuppo, M., Augustin, F., Aragon, A. A., Candow, D. G., Forbes, S. C., Swinton, P., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2023). The effects of creatine supplementation combined with resistance training on regional measures of muscle hypertrophy: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Nutrients, 15(9), 2116. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092116

8. Examine. (2023). Betaine. https://examine.com/supplements/betaine/

9. Kreider, R.B., Kalman, D.S., Antonio, J., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Wildman, R., Collins, R., Candow, D. G., Kleiner, S. M., Almada, A. L., & Lopez, H. L. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z

10. Bruce, S. E., Werner, K. B., Preston, B. F., & Baker, L. M. (2014). Improvements in concentration, working memory and sustained attention following consumption of a natural citicoline-caffeine beverage. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 65(8), 1003–1007. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2014.940286

11. Secades, J. J. & Gareri, P. (2022). Citicoline: pharmacological and clinical review, 2022 update. Citicolina: Revisión farmacológica y clínica, actualización 2022. Revista de Neurologia, 75(s05), S1–S89. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.75s05.2022311

12. Fayet-Moore, F., Wibisono, C., Carr, P., Duve, E., Petocz, P., Lancaster, G., McMillan, J., Marshall, S., & Blumfield, M. (2020). An analysis of the mineral composition of pink salt available in Australia. Foods, 9(10), 1490. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9101490

13. Guest, N.S., VanDusseldorp, T.A., Nelson M.T. et al. (2021). International society of sports nutrition position stand: Caffeine and exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 18, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4

14. Manninen, A.H. (2009). Protein hydrolysates in sports nutrition. Nutrition & Metabolism, 6(38). https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-6-38

15. Zhou S, Xu T, Zhang X, Luo J, An P, Luo Y. (2022) Effect of casein hydrolysate on cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients, 14(19), 4207. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194207

15. Hirota, T., Ohki, K., Kawagishi, R., Kajimoto, Y., Mizuno, S., Nakamura, Y., & Kitakaze, M. (2007). Casein hydrolysate containing the antihypertensive tripeptides Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro improves vascular endothelial function independent of blood pressure-lowering effects: Contribution of the inhibitory action of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, 30(6), 489–496. https://doi.org/10.1291/hypres.30.489

16. Baggott, M.J., Childs, E., Hart, A.B. et al. (2013). Psychopharmacology of theobromine in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 228, 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3021-0