Not Worth the CBUM Surcharge

Raw CBUM Thavage Pre-Workout Review

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I’ve tested the shit out of Raw CBUM Thavage Pre-Workout over the past few weeks to see if it lives up to the hype. And . . . drum roll . . . it doesn’t deliver.

The two-scoop serving has a few things going for it, but there are simply better options out there that give you way more bang for your buck.

In this review, I’ll dive into the ins and outs of Thavage pre-workout, analyze the ingredients, recount my personal experience using it, and explain why there are better pre-workout options out there. 

If you’d rather skip me waxing indignant about Thavage and just want to know a better alternative, here you go.

Raw CBUM Thavage Pre-Workout Alternatives

Transparent Labs BULK

Transparent Labs BULK is third-party tested, GMP certified, and at $1.66 per serving ($1.49 if you subscribe), it’s great value for your dime. 

It hits the minimum effective dose of all the key ingredients. And it delivers a reasonable 200 mg of caffeine in each scoop.

Learn more about Transparent Labs BULK by reading my full BULK review. 

Outwork Nutrition Pre-Workout

Outwork Nutrition’s pre-workout is a good option when you want a heavy dose of caffeine but way fewer junk ingredients than Thavage offers. 

It’s third-party tested and GMP certified, and it has 5,000 mg of L-citrulline and 300 mg of caffeine to help you power through your training.

Learn everything you need to know about Outwork Nutrition Pre-Workout in my complete Outwork review.

For more, read all my pre-workout reviews.

Pre-workout can give you an extra 1% boost but won’t make up for a shitty diet and training. Taking a bunch of pre-workout without dialing in the diet and training is like stepping over $20 bills to pick up pennies. See how it works here. See how it works here.

Raw CBUM Thavage Pre-Workout Overview

Raw CBUM Thavage

Score:

6.3

/10

CLICK FOR BEST PRICE

Pros and Cons:

Pros
  • Third-party tested
  • Key ingredient dosing 
Cons
  • Only OK pump
  • Average energy
  • Crash
  • Price

Product Name

Score:

9.0

/10

CLICK FOR BEST PRICE

Pros and Cons:

Pros
  • Ingredients: 9
  • Price Per Serving:
  • How It Made Us Feel: 8.9
Cons
  • High caffeine (400mg)
  • Price Per Serving: 6
  • Third-party Tested: No
  • How It Made Us Feel: 8.9

Product Highlights

Ingredients

6

/10

Energy

8

/10

Pump

8

/10

Price per serving

 $2.38/$$2.02 

Taste

10

/10

Mixability

10

/10

Customer Experience

10

/10

Third-party tested/GMP certified

Yes/Yes

I tested the two-scoop serving and was expecting a good product based on the L-citrulline and caffeine doses. But alas.

Best For:

Fans of Chris Bumstead.

If you’re a die-hard CBum fan, taking his signature pre-workout might give you the lifting vibes you need. 

Those wanting third-party tested pre-workout with well-dosed ingredients.

The two-scoop serving has a hefty dose of L-citrulline and caffeine. Plus the beta-alanine for the tingles. And you can rest easy knowing that the potency and purity are verified by a third party.

That being said, I didn’t feel like the amounts listed on the label transferred into the weight room, but your experience may be different.

Those with deep pockets.

Look, the key ingredients are well dosed, but that’s only if you double up. That makes this one of the most expensive pre-workouts out there. 

Not For:

Stim-junkies.

The average energy boost and potential post-workout crash with this pre-workout may leave stim-junkies feeling underwhelmed and pissed off. And everyone else overwhelmed and pissed off.

Pump-chasers.

Despite a high dose of L-citrulline, the pumps from Thavage are far from mind-blowing.

Budget-conscious.

At almost $2.50 per serving, Thavage is expensive considering there are better pre-workouts at this and lower price points.

Raw CBUM Thavage Pre-Workout Ingredients

[image showing the ingredient label]

While I like the dosing of the key ingredients in the two-scoop serving, Thavage would be way better off getting rid of half of the ingredients. Most of them are pointless. 

Doing so would likely drop the price too.

Furthermore, it’s laughable that Raw even lists the one-scoop serving as an option. All the key ingredients are wildly underdosed, which is why I’m not even covering it.

But I do show you the doses of both one and two scoops so you can see for yourself how low the one-scoop serving is. 

L-Citrulline 

3,000 mg/6,000 mg

L-citrulline may help you train harder by allowing you to squeeze out a few extra reps. While it doesn’t directly increase muscle strength, it can improve muscular endurance. L-citrulline has also been shown to reduce delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and boost anaerobic performance.[1]

However, the optimal dosing of L-citrulline isn’t clear, and it doesn’t work for everyone in every situation. Nevertheless, there’s evidence that 4,000 mg is the minimum effective dose.

Two scoops do the job and then some.

Beta Alanine 

1,600 mg/3,200 mg

The thing about beta-alanine that very few pre-workout companies mention is that it needs a loading phase to hit a saturation point of 178,000 mg before delivering any benefits. 

Once you’ve reached the minimum effective dose, beta-alanine can improve performance in efforts lasting one to four minutes by delaying fatigue.[2]

The minimum effective dose of beta-alanine is 3,200 mg daily, but the International Society of Sports Nutrition recommends a dose of 4,000 mg — 6,000 mg.

Betaine Anhydrous 

1,250 mg/2,500 mg

Betaine anhydrous is a natural compound found in the body and in foods like beets, spinach, cereals, and seafood. It’s marketed to increase performance, but there isn’t strong enough evidence to say it works.[3]

The minimum effective dose for betaine is 2,500 mg, so the double scoop of Thavage just makes the cut.

L-Tyrosine 

1,000 mg/2,000 mg

L-tyrosine is an amino acid the body processes to make chemicals such as dopamine and norepinephrine. 

These are important for alertness, focus, and attention, and they can improve your brain function when you land yourself in stressful and cognitively demanding situations. L-tyrosine can also reduce blood pressure in those same situations.[4]

But L-tyrosine is chronically underdosed in all pre-workouts. And the amount of L-tyrosine in Thavage is unlikely to improve your training in any way.

These positive effects of L-tyrosine need a dose of around 100–150 mg per kilogram (45–68 mg/lb) of body weight. Some lifters often report a difference with doses between 200–500 mg/kg.[5] 

But the current science doesn’t support those latter claims.

L-Taurine 

1,000 mg/2,000 mg

Taurine supplementation may improve training performance and recovery, but the evidence is far from conclusive.[6] 

The dosage in these studies varies between 1 gram and 6 grams, so theoretically, 2,000 mg in two scoops of Thavage could be enough to get some of those benefits. 

As I’ve said before, if you have an exceptional training session after taking any pre-workout with taurine, I will bet my assless chaps it has nothing to do with taurine. Maybe you just slept better.

Inositol-Stabilized Arginine Silicate (as Nitrosigine)

750 mg/1.5g

Nitrosigine is a patented combination of inositol-stabilized arginine and silicate. It acts as a nitric oxide booster, similar to L-citrulline.[7]

But is Nitrosigine actually better than L-citrulline?

We need more unbiased studies comparing Nitrosigine and L-citrulline.[8] Until then, I treat Nitrosigine as a filler ingredient.

Agmatine Sulfate (as AgmaMax™) 

500 mg/1,000 mg

Agmatine originates from L-arginine, and animal studies suggest it can help reduce pain. But the lack of human evidence means there are no standards for a minimum effective dose.[9] Or even certainty that it’ll work on humans.

There’s no proof this shit will do anything for you, and even if it would, you’d have to take a stab in the dark guessing the minimum effective dose.

Another filler ingredient.

Coconut Water Concentrate

250 mg/500 mg

Coconut water concentrate is rich in electrolytes, such as potassium, magnesium, and calcium. And in a lot of ways, its benefits for training are very similar to a standard artificial sports drink.[10]

If you’re training in hot and humid conditions, or just tend to sweat a lot regardless of the environment, getting electrolytes in pre-workout can help. 

But the dose of coconut water concentrate in Thavage is unlikely to do a whole lot.

Alpha-Glyceryl Phosphoryl Choline 50% 

200 mg/400 mg

Choline is an essential nutrient that can improve brain development, muscle action, nervous system function, and metabolism.[11] 

That’s if you hit the daily target (550 mg for men and 425 mg for women) of choline per day. For reference, an egg has about 150 mg of choline.

Choline supplementation might have limited effects on memory and physical performance in healthy young adults and trained athletes, but based on the current evidence, improvements on performance aren’t consistent enough to validate including this in your pre-workout.[12]

Chloride

149 mg/297 mg

Chloride is an essential mineral and an electrolyte that plays a vital role in maintaining proper body functions, including nerve and muscle function.

Maintaining proper chloride balance is essential both for overall health and performance. But unless you’re sweating profusely and not getting your daily RDA for sodium (2,300 mg), a balanced diet meets the body’s chloride needs.

But the chloride in Thavage likely won’t hurt either. 

Caffeine Anhydrous 

130 mg/260 mg

Caffeine is a powerful nervous system stimulant that can improve focus and energy for training.[13]

If a cup of brewed coffee is enough to power you through your workout, one scoop of Thavage is likely going to be enough. Considering there’s also 24 mg/45 mg of caffeine coming from the di-caffeine malate.

But for everyone else, especially if you’re aiming for a PR, the two-scoop serving is more optimal. Although it too left me a bit flat both during and after the training.

Just for reference, the recommended daily limit of caffeine is 400 mg, but this will obviously depend on your tolerance. Ideally, you want to limit your caffeine intake six to eight hours before bedtime.

Vitamin C 

125 mg/250 mg

Vitamin C plays a crucial role in all kinds of physiological functions in the human body. And as long as you eat a healthy and balanced diet, it’s something you don’t need to worry about. 

There is evidence that supplementing vitamin C at around 2,000 mg can reduce the duration of common colds in athletes. It’s not effective for prevention though.[14]

The dose of vitamin C in Thavage is unlikely to do anything for you.

Potassium 

100 mg/200 mg

Like chloride, potassium is an essential mineral and an electrolyte that plays a vital role in maintaining proper body functions, including nerve and muscle function.

And yes, you might need to supplement potassium if you train in hot and humid climates and sweat a lot. Otherwise, a balanced diet will get you enough of it.

The amount in Thavage is unlikely to do anything for your performance.

L-Theanine 

75 mg/150 mg

L-theanine is a naturally occurring amino acid and supplementing it can improve cognitive function. It might also reduce the elevated blood pressure and sleep issues that often come with caffeine.

The current evidence suggests that combining caffeine and L-theanine at a 2:1 or 1:1 ratio might improve focus and attention during super-demanding mental tasks. 

I would argue that lifting weights off the ground and putting them back down isn’t mentally super-demanding.

Studies mostly use L-theanine doses of 100–400 mg so the two-scoop serving of Thavage at least theoretically meets the minimum effective dose.[15]

Sodium (from Pink Himalayan Salt) 

45 mg/90 mg

Like chloride and potassium, sodium is an essential mineral and an electrolyte that plays a vital role in maintaining proper body functions, including nerve and muscle function.

Let’s be honest, you’re likely eating enough sodium as it is.

Di-Caffeine Malate (Infinergy™) 

32 mg/64 mg

Di-caffeine malate combines caffeine and malic acid. In Thavage, the amount of caffeine here is 24 mg/45 mg. 

Combining the two gives a smoother release of caffeine compared to the usual mule-kick of caffeine on its own.

Theobromine

25 mg/50 mg

Theobromine is caffeine’s laid-back cousin. It’s a milder stimulant found in cocoa beans, chocolate, tea leaves, and kola nuts.

Because it’s less potent as a central nervous system stimulant than caffeine, it might provide a milder, longer-lasting energy boost without the typical crash of high caffeine intake.[16] But if you rest your training hopes on theobromine, you’ve got way bigger things to worry about.

Astragin®

12.5 mg/25 mg

This one’s a patented blend of two herbal extracts: Astragalus membranaceus and Panax notoginseng. Both are traditional Chinese herbs.

Astragalus membranaceus is known for its immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory properties.[17]

As for Panax notoginseng, it’s recognized for its benefits to cardiovascular health.[18]

Because it’s a proprietary blend, I have zero idea how much of each ingredient is in the mix.

I call bullshit until I see some non-sponsored studies.

Vitamin B6 

5 mg/10 mg

Vitamin B6 supplementation only makes sense if you’re deficient in it.[19] I can’t see the point of having B6 in your pre-workout.

Vitamin B12

50 mcg/100 mcg

Yes, if you’re old or a vegan or an old vegan, you’ll need to supplement Vitamin B12.[20] But it doesn’t need to be in your pre-workout.

Talk to your doctor, have your levels checked, and make an informed decision.

Toothed Clubmoss

50mcg/100mcg

The main active ingredient in clubmoss (Huperzia serrata) is huperzine-A (standardized to 1%), which can improve cognitive health and provide a neuroprotective effect for people with Alzheimer’s. 

But there’s a good chance you don’t have Alzheimer’s. 

There’s zero science to show that it improves performance, not even as a cognitive enhancement. In one study, taking huperzine-A had a worse effect than the placebo.[21]

[table showing ingredients and minimum effective doses]

My Experience Using Raw CBUM Thavage Pre-Workout

Knowing one scoop wouldn’t move the needle for me — or most people — I tested two scoops of Raw CBUM Thavage Pre-Workout over the course of two weeks.

The energy felt more of a miss than a hit, and I still experienced a post-workout crash. The pumps, while better, didn’t get me the skin-splitting fullness I yearned for.

All in all, Thavage didn’t live up to the hype — two scoops or one. Even with CBum’s name plastered on the label.

Full disclosure, my female friend did test Thavage with one scoop and rated it as the best low-caffeine pre-workout she’s tried. 

Take that for what you will.

Price

[image of the serving size]

The single-scoop serving of Thavage sets you back for $1.24, or $1.12 if you subscribe. That’s well below the industry average of $1.50. But unless you are fine with low doses of L-citrulline and caffeine, it’s hard to justify.

The two-scoop serving is $2.48, or $2.24 on a subscription. Although not astronomical, it’s still more expensive than the better alternatives.

Raw offers free shipping for orders over $75. 

Third-Party Tested and GMP Certified

[screenshots of third-party test results]

Raw CBUM Thavage Pre-Workout is third-party tested and manufactured in a facility with a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) certificate. 

When reviewing pre-workouts, both of these certificates carry a ton of weight. The third-party testing verifies the potency and purity of the product, and GMP guarantees the product is made in a clean, uncontaminated facility. 

Energy

I had OK energy and focus during my training, but I could’ve definitely had more, especially if I was going for a PR or something.

I also had a slight crash each time, but annoyingly, I still felt too wired to go to sleep. That’s probably on me though for taking Thavage too close to bedtime. 

The tingling from beta-alanine was moderate. I am not a huge fan of tingles, so that suits me just fine.

Pump

The pump was better than average, but it left me wanting more. Usually, 6,000 mg of L-citrulline does the trick for me, but with Thavage, it wasn’t quite there. 

Taste

[screenshot of flavors from the website]

Raw CBUM Thavage Pre-Workout comes in seven flavors:

  • Raspberry Lemonade
  • Dragon Fruit
  • 5 Peat
  • Peach Bum
  • Green Crush
  • Blackberry Lemonade
  • Rocket Candy

I used ​​Rocket Candy for this review, and it was okay, but it left a weird aftertaste, even when I added more water to the mix. 

But what do I know? Folks online tend to like the flavors. As did my friend who tested Thavage.

Thavage doesn’t use any artificial ingredients, which always makes it harder to get the taste right.

Mixability

[image of the pre-workout mixed up]

Thavage mixes great, and you’re left with a smooth, pleasant mouthfeel that, except for the flavor, is worth savoring.

Customer Experience

Raw’s website is easy to navigate and placing an order was straightforward. The checkout process was smoothish (more on that in a bit), and I received an order confirmation email immediately after purchasing.

The box was at my doorstep in four business days, which is a pretty standard shipping time. 

I did not have any reason to contact customer service for this order. However, Raw’s website lists multiple ways to get in touch, including phone, email, and live chat. Their customer service hours are also clearly posted.

One frustration I had with the Raw website was that it forces you to create an account to check out instead of having a guest checkout option. It’s a small thing, but enough to be a nuisance.

How I Tested Raw Thavage Pre-Workout

I test each supplement across eight categories, pouring over studies and combining them with personal feedback.

When I conduct tests and write my pre-workout reviews, my commitment is to the truth, even if it ruffles a few feathers. There are no hidden agendas, no fluff — just rigorous research.

1. Ingredients

I care mostly about two ingredients in pre-workout supplements: caffeine and L-citrulline. Then there are two that might be worth your dollars: beta-alanine and electrolytes. But those two are far from mandatory.

Once I know a pre-workout has the two ingredients I care about, I check that the dosage of both ingredients is where it should be to provide the stimulation I need. 

Besides those two, most other ingredients serve a different purpose: marketing. The fewer ingredients I see on the label, the better. 

You can read more about the ingredients I look for on my how I test ingredients page. 

2. Price per serving

I care whether a single serving will give me enough of the two ingredients above for the needed stimulus. Ultimately, I want the best bang for the buck per serving. 

Often, the key ingredients are about the same in most pre-workout supplements. It’s the proprietary blends and trademarked ingredients that raise the price. Both of which rarely contribute to the quality or effectiveness of the supplement. 

Another reason why fewer ingredients are better is that it keeps the cost down.

You can read more about how price factors into my scoring system here.

3. Third-party testing and Good Manufacturing Practice certification

When a supplement company wants third-party testing and certification, it pays an outside organization to test for ingredient potency and accuracy.

Getting certified means an independent organization has reviewed the product and determined it complies with safety, quality, and performance standards.

The absence of third-party testing doesn’t immediately mean a poor product. But knowing the dishonest bullshitting going on in the supplement industry, third-party testing gives me peace of mind knowing a product is safe and has — and does — what it says on the box. 

GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) certification means the manufacturing facilities comply with the rigorous quality standards of regulatory authorities. It covers the entire manufacturing process, including sourcing of raw materials, production processes, packaging, and labeling. 

These guidelines provide minimum requirements that a manufacturer must meet to ensure its products are consistently high in quality.

In short, third-party testing is about the product, and GMP compliance covers the manufacturing.

Read more about third-party testing and GMP compliance here.

4. Energy

Out of all the effects I look for in a pre-workout, this is the one I care about the most. I want to feel psyched and focused for my strength training. And I want to finish without getting the dreaded post-workout caffeine crash.

You can read more about how the energy factors into my scoring system here.

5. Pump

The second-most important thing I need from a pre-workout is the pump. The product must have enough L-citrulline (4,000 mg) to increase the blood flow into the muscles I’m working. In most cases, anything less than 6,000 mg, and I’d rather spend my money elsewhere.

Read more about what I look for when scoring the pump.

6. Taste

Let’s face it: Making a decent-tasting pre-workout shouldn’t be that difficult. Yes, a pre-workout with high-quality ingredients in high doses often tastes worse because it’s hard to mask the flavor of the ingredients, but anything less than 8/10 is only acceptable if the product is otherwise exceptional. 

Then again, taste is subjective, so don’t get too hung up on this.

You can read more about how taste factors into my scoring system here.

7. Mixability

I need a pre-workout that’s easy to mix in a shaker. That means no powder clumps! I expect something smooth and grit-free that doesn’t get stuck on the side of the shaker. Most pre-workouts add silicon dioxide and calcium silicate as anti-caking agents, so look for that if you’re as annoyed by clumps as I am.

Read more about how mixability factors into my scoring system.

8. Customer experience

In this testing stage, I find and navigate the website, complete the ordering process, and accept delivery, evaluating each company every step of the way. I also review customer service in cases where I have problems with the order. I have high expectations for customer service and will harshly judge brands with missing links in their customer experience.

You can learn more about how customer service factors into my scoring system here.

Conclusion

Raw CBUM Thavage Pre-Workout would be an OK supplement if not for the price.

It’s third-party tested, and the two-scoop serving delivers a clinically effective dose of L-citrulline. On paper, I also like the caffeine dosing. 

But with a premium price comes premium expectations, and Thavage doesn’t match up.

The energy boost is average at best, with an annoying post-workout crash. The pumps, while not terrible, don’t reach the level of intensity most lifters want. 

Thavage may appeal to Chris Bumstead fanboys. But for anyone thinking logically, there are way better options on the market.

FAQs

How much caffeine is in Thavage pre-workout?

Thavage pre-workout has a total of 154 mg of caffeine in one scoop and 305 mg in two scoops.

How long does Thavage pre-workout take to kick in?

Thavage pre-workout takes about 30 minutes to kick in.

What pre-workout does Chris Bumstead use?

Chris Bumstead likely uses CBUM Thavage Pre-Workout since he designed it. But who knows?

References

1. Gonzalez, A. M., & Trexler, E. T. (2020). Effects of citrulline supplementation on exercise performance in humans: A review of the current literature. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(5), 1480–1495. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003426

2. Trexler, E. T., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Stout, J. R., Hoffman, J. R., Wilborn, C. D., Sale, C., Kreider, R. B., Jäger, R., Earnest, C. P., Bannock, L., Campbell, B., Kalman, D., Ziegenfuss, T. N., & Antonio, J. (2015). International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y

3. Ismaeel A. (2017). Effects of betaine supplementation on muscle strength and power: A systematic review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(8), 2338–2346. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001959

4. Deijen, J. B., Wientjes, C. J., Vullinghs, H. F., Cloin, P. A., & Langefeld, J. J. (1999). Tyrosine improves cognitive performance and reduces blood pressure in cadets after one week of a combat training course. Brain Research Bulletin, 48(2), 203–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00163-4

5. Examine. L-tyrosine. https://examine.com/supplements/l-tyrosine/ 

6. Kurtz, J. A., VanDusseldorp, T. A., Doyle, J. A., & Otis, J. S. (2021). Taurine in sports and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00438-0

7. Kalman, D., Harvey, P. D., Perez Ojalvo, S., & Komorowski, J. (2016). Randomized prospective double-blind studies to evaluate the cognitive effects of inositol-stabilized arginine silicate in healthy physically active adults. Nutrients, 8(11), 736. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110736

8. Rogers, J. M., Gills, J., & Gray, M. (2020). Acute effects of Nitrosigine® and citrulline malate on vasodilation in young adults. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 17(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00343-y

9. Kalman, D., Harvey, P. D., Perez Ojalvo, S., & Komorowski, J. (2016). Randomized prospective double-blind studies to evaluate the cognitive effects of inositol-stabilized arginine silicate in healthy physically active adults. Nutrients, 8(11), 736. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110736

10. Kalman, D., Feldman, S., Krieger, D., & Bloomer, R. (2012). Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-1

11. Moretti, A., Paoletta, M., Liguori, S., Bertone, M., Toro, G., & Iolascon, G. (2020). Choline: An essential nutrient for skeletal muscle. Nutrients, 12(7), 2144. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072144

12. Warber, J. P., Patton, J. F., Tharion, W. J., Zeisel, S. H., Mello, R. P., Kemnitz, C. P., & Lieberman, H. R. (2000). The effects of choline supplementation on physical performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 10(2), 170–181. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.10.2.170

13. Guest, N.S., VanDusseldorp, T.A., Nelson, M.T. et al. (2021). International society of sports nutrition position stand: Caffeine and exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 18, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4

14. Hemilä, H., & Chalker, E. (2013). Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(1), CD000980. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4

15. Examine. Theanine. https://examine.com/supplements/theanine/

16. Baggott, M. J., Childs, E., Hart, A. B. et al. (2013). Psychopharmacology of theobromine in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 228, 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3021-0 

17. Zheng, Q., Zhuang, Z., Wang, Z. H., Deng, L. H., Jin, W. J., Huang, Z. J., Zheng, G. Q., & Wang, Y. (2020). Clinical and preclinical systematic review of astragalus membranaceus for viral myocarditis. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 1560353. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1560353

18. Zhou, R., Zhang, J., Zhang, W., Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Shi, X., Wang, B., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, H. (2024). Clinical efficacy and safety of Panax notoginseng saponins in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with blood hypercoagulability: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytomedicine 125, 155244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155244

19. Examine. Pyridoxine Vitamin B6. https://examine.com/supplements/vitamin-b6/

20. Examine. Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12). https://examine.com/supplements/vitamin-b12/

21. Jędrejko, K., Catlin, O., Stewart, T., Anderson, A., Muszyńska, B., & Catlin, D. (2023). Unauthorized ingredients in “nootropic” dietary supplements: A review of the history, pharmacology, prevalence, international regulations, and potential as doping agents. Drug Testing and Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3529

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